1: Prickles. Prickles are usually small, usually stiff, usually sharp-pointed outgrowths of the surface of a twig.

2: Thorns.The thorn is technically a modified, sharp-pointed branch. A thorn occurs at a node (where the buds would be).

3: Buds. A bud is an undeveloped flower or branch. Buds occur at nodes, and at the tip of the twig.

5: Lenticels. A lenticel is a lens-shaped pore on the surface of a twig.

6: Leaf scars. Leaf scars are the marks left behind when leaves fall off.

7: Bud scale scars. Bud scale scars look like a ring around the twig. What are they? The buds at the tips of twigs are protected for the winter by thickened leaflike structures called bud scales. When the bud scales fall off in spring, they leave behind "bud scale scars."